![]() July 23, 2002, marks the 30th anniversary of the Landsat program. This image of Moscow was acquired by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+), flying aboard the Landsat 7 satellite. The light green areas surrounding the city are farms and the brown regions are more sparsely vegetated areas. The blue-gray pixels in this false-color image are urban areas. Now it is as capitalist in nature as London or New York, and everything from Big Macs to BMWs can be found on its streets. Thanks to the resilient spirit of the Russian people, the city remains as vital as ever. Over the years the city has been sacked and burnt to the ground by the Tartars, the Poles, and the French. Petersburg, where it remained until the Bolsheviks brought the seat of government back to Moscow in 1918. In the 17th century, Ivan the Great moved the capital to St. Ivan III, who is largely credited with uniting all of Russia, built the Kremlin's cathedrals and declared Moscow the capital of his new kingdom in the 15th century. The city was shortly after established as a trading route along the Moscow River. Moscow is thought to have been founded in the 12th Century by Yury Dolgoruky, Prince of Suzdal, who hosted a big feast on the site. The Moscow River runs through the center of the city, and the Kremlin, the seat of the Russian government, lies in the direct center. The city boasts a population of nine million and encompasses an area of 1035 square kilometers (405 square miles). Moscow, the political and economic heart of Russia, sits on the far eastern end of Europe, roughly 1300 kilometers (815 miles) west of the Ural Mountains and the Asian continent. Tectonics of rotating celestial globes // Vernadsky-Brown microsymposium 48, 20-22 Oct. (1999) "Diamond" and "dumb-bells"-like shapes of celestial bodies induced by inertia-gravity waves // 30th Vernadsky-Brown microsymposium on comparative planetology, Abstracts, Moscow, Vernadsky Inst., 49-50 Kochemasov G.G. Plato' polyhedra as shapes of small icy satellites // Geophys. Theorems of wave planetary tectonics // Geophys. Tectonic dichotomy, sectoring and granulation of Earth and other celestial bodies // Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Concepts in Global Tectonics, "NCGT-98 TSUKUBA", Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba, Nov 20-23, 1998, p. Concerted wave supergranulation of the solar system bodies // 16th Russian-American microsymposium on planetology, Abstracts, Moscow, Vernadsky Inst. That is why a term "supertectonics" seems rather suitable. They are characteristic for our star, planets, satellites and small bodies. Both tectonic peculiarities-polyhedrons and constructive - destructive tendencies - are common for celestial bodies of various classes. Tropical belt is destructed (for an example, the lithosphere disintegration in solid bodies), extra-tropical belts add dense material (plumes), expand - the constructive tendency. With the same angular velocity it remains only mass and radius to play in this tendency. So, a body tends to lower angular momentum of tropics and increase it in extra-tropics. But this unevenness is undesirable because it creates tectonic stresses and increases energetic status that is against the natural tendency to minimize these physical characteristics. Universal planetary tectonics (supertectonics) David Smith of the US Geological Survey and Leader of the IAGC Working Group on ‘Global Geochemical Baselines’ was the citationist for the award. The IAGC Vernadsky Medal is awarded biennially to a single person for a distinguished record of scientific accomplishment in geochemistry over the course of a career. Bjørn Bølviken, 80, formerly with the Geological Survey of Norway, was the 2nd recipient of the IAGC's Vernadsky Medal. ![]() Bjørn Bølviken - 2008 IAGC Vernadsky medalist
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